文獻來源: Santos JC, Coloma LA, Summers K, Caldwell JP, Ree R, Cannatella DC. 2009. Amazonian Amphibian Diversity Is Primarily Derived from Late Miocene Andean Lineages. PLoS Biology 7(3): e1000056 doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.1000056
Abstract The Neotropics contains half of remaining rainforests and Earth's largest reservoir of amphibian biodiversity. However, determinants of Neotropical biodiversity (i.e., vicariance, dispersals, extinctions, and radiations) earlier than the Quaternary are largely unstudied. Using a novel method of ancestral area reconstruction and relaxed Bayesian clock analyses, we reconstructed the biogeography of the poison frog clade (Dendrobatidae). We rejected an Amazonian center-of-origin in favor of a complex connectivity model expanding over the Neotropics. We inferred 14 dispersals into and 18 out of Amazonia to adjacent regions; the Andes were the major source of dispersals into Amazonia. We found three episodes of lineage dispersal with two interleaved periods of vicariant events between South and Central America. During the late Miocene, Amazonian, and Central American-Chocoan lineages significantly increased their diversity compared to the Andean and Guianan-Venezuelan-Brazilian Shield counterparts. Significant percentage of dendrobatid diversity in Amazonia and Chocó resulted from repeated immigrations, with radiations at <10.0>
光背電鰻科的Sternarchorhynchus屬在台灣的水族市場上曾經出現過. 目前這個屬已知有10個有效種左右. 雖然在水族市場上不常見, 然而這類的物種在生物放電相關的分子演化與生理研究扮演重要的角色. 德州大學Austin分校的Harold Zacon曾在2006年的PNAS上發表了骨舌魚目與裸背電鰻目的弱電魚在鈉離子通道調控基因上的趨同演化. 不過在鑑定上, 尤其是尚未適應水族箱環境的個體, 並不容易根據外部形態, 尤其是吻型鑑定. 所有光背電鰻科的物種多多少少都具有口吻部的雌雄二型性, 而雄性間的個體形態變異也很大. 一般在市面上流通的物種通常以Sternarchorhynchus oxyrhynchus這個名字流通, 不過鑑定的正確性可能是有待商榷的. 在飼養方面這個類群與"金線咖啡魔鬼Apteronotus leptorhynchus"相當類似, 但初期應該要防止吻部的擦傷與細菌性感染.
