2010-01-26新進動物與魚隻

[photo by LY Lee]

Tribolonotus novaeguineae 新幾內亞鷹蜥 x 2
Trichopodus cantoris (=T. pectoralis) 蛇皮馬甲(=巨無霸黑帶蛇皮銀馬甲, 名字好威) x 2
Trichopodus trichopterus trichopterus 雙點蛇皮銀馬甲 (啊名字好威, 但其實就是青萬隆的原名亞種 - 紫萬隆啊~~~) x 7
Anabas testudineus 攀木魚 x 1 (這邊是煮好的, 我餓了)
Gymnorhamphichthys hypostomus 尖嘴帶紋飛刀* x 7
Ageneiosus sp. cf. atronasus 高翅虎鯨* (以枯葉虎鯨名義進口) x 6 (應該就是高背紫虎鯨)
Denticetopsis sp. cf. morenoi 金點藍鯨* x 2
Cetopsis sandrae 琥珀藍鯨 (=紫藍鮫鯨) x 3
Glyptothorax trilineatus 金背小鷹鴨嘴(=三線紋胸鮡) x 若干
Pseudecheneis sp. 黃金老鷹鴨嘴 (某種褶鮡) x 1
Corydoras pulcher 仆卡鼠* x 2
Corydoras pulcher x super-schwartzi "超級仆瓦茲鼠"* x 1

今天收到那個"雙斑蛇皮馬甲"時, 喔喔, 我嚇到了, 阿不就是--萬隆(=萬龍)嗎? 阿南部溪流池塘不就很多? 但是這也讓我開始仔細想想, 萬隆(Trichoppodus trichopterus)這個歷史悠久的水族商品之人工育種進程倒底是怎麼一回事? 一般市售的萬隆有四個商品, 三星萬隆(現在已經少見), 藍萬隆(或青萬隆, 大理石萬隆), 黃金萬隆和紫萬隆(其實就是原名亞種, 也就是已在台灣歸化的那個東東). 這次進口的來源是泰國, 可能的來源是馬來半島北部或中南半島西側的族群. 一般市售的藍萬隆/金萬隆, 其實都是來自於蘇門達臘亞種sumatranus的人工育種. Jack Frankel乃是研究輻鰭魚斑紋形成的學者, 他對於萬隆這種魚的斑紋變異頗感興趣, 在1992年與2005年分別撰寫文章描述這個現象. 他認為這個體色變化來自於兩個對偶基因的效應. 而金萬隆似乎來自於父本母本皆帶有兩對隱性基因組合的產物. 不過目前似乎沒有看到任何研究針對這些體色變化在各個天然的分布地間是否與族群的分化有關.

距上一次蛇皮馬甲進口到台灣可能有20年了? 這條魚養大以後變這樣.

魚隻來源: 台族水族*, 石頭水族 & APT

多鰭魚的分子親緣關係顯示草繩恐龍腹鰭的退化為一獨立事件, 而頭型的演化乃由長至短

文獻來源: Suzuki D, Brandley MC, Tokita M. 2010. The mitochondrial phylogeny of an ancient lineage of ray-finned fishes (Polypteridae) with implications for the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin loss, and craniofacial morphology in Osteichthyes. BMC Evolutionary Biology 2010 10: 21 doi:10.1186/1471-2148-10-21

Background
The family Polypteridae, commonly known as "bichirs", is a lineage that diverged early in the evolutionary history of Actinopterygii (ray-finned fish), but has been the subject of far less evolutionary study than other members of that clade. Uncovering patterns of morphological change within Polypteridae provides an important opportunity to evaluate if the mechanisms underlying morphological evolution are shared among actinoptyerygians, and in fact, perhaps the entire osteichthyan (bony fish and tetrapods) tree of life. However, the greatest impediment to elucidating these patterns is the lack of a well-resolved, highly-supported phylogenetic tree of Polypteridae. In fact, the interrelationships of polypterid species have never been subject to molecular phylogenetic analysis. Here, we infer the first molecular phylogeny of bichirs, including all 12 recognized species and multiple subspecies using Bayesian analyses of 16S and cyt-b mtDNA. We use this mitochondrial phylogeny, ancestral state reconstruction, and geometric morphometrics to test whether patterns of morphological evolution, including the evolution of body elongation, pelvic fin reduction, and craniofacial morphology, are shared throughout the osteichthyan tree of life.

Results Our molecular phylogeny reveals 1) a basal divergence between Erpetoichthys and Polypterus, 2) polyphyly of P. endlicheri and P. palmas, and thus 3) the current taxonomy of Polypteridae masks its underlying genetic diversity. Ancestral state reconstructions suggest that pelvic fins were lost independently in Erpetoichthys, and unambiguously estimate multiple independent derivations of body elongation and shortening. Our mitochondrial phylogeny suggested species that have lower jaw protrusion and up-righted orbit are closely related to each other, indicating a single transformation of craniofacial morphology.

Conclusion The mitochondrial phylogeny of polypterid fish provides a strongly-supported phylogenetic framework for future comparative evolutionary, physiological, ecological, and genetic analyses. Indeed, ancestral reconstruction and geometric morphometric analyses revealed that the patterns of morphological evolution in Polypteridae are similar to those seen in other osteichthyans, thus implying the underlying genetic and developmental mechanisms responsible for those patterns were established early in the evolutionary history of Osteichthyes. We propose developmental and genetic mechanisms to be tested under the light of this new phylogenetic framework.

Nannocharax signifer - 貝寧產非洲跳鱸脂鯉(二列齒琴脂鯉科)之新種

文獻來源: Moritz T. 2010. Nannocharax signifer, a new species of fish (Characiformes: Distichodontidae) from the Ouémé River basin, Benin. Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 20(4): 289-294.

Abstract
Nannocharax signifer, new species, is described from the Ouémé River basin in Benin. It is distinguished from all other Nannocharax species in West Africa by its red-orange colouration on the anterior half of the dorsal fin. Besides live colouration, the new species is diagnosed by a combination of colour pattern and scale counts.

緬甸產長吻棘鰍(象鼻龍)之分類檢討及新種背斑長吻棘鰍(M. dorsiocellatus), 線斑長吻棘鰍(M. lineatomaculatus)及孔雀長吻棘鰍(M. pavo)之描述

文獻來源: Britz R. 2010. Species of the Macrognathus aculeatus group in Myanmar with remarks on M. caudiocellatus (Teleostei: Synbranchiformes: Mastacembelidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 20(4): 295-308.

Abstract
The species of the Macrognathus aculeatus group from Myanmar are reviewed and three new species are described. Macrognathus dorsiocellatus, new species, previously identified as M. aral, is distinguished by rostral tooth plates 19-23, dorsal fin spines 14-22, 7-11 small ocelli along soft dorsal fin, with ventrally open, incomplete white rim; M. obscurus, new species, is distinguished by rostral tooth plates 8-10, dorsal fin spines 20-22, ocelli along dorsal fin developed as small irregularly arranged dark spots or absent, M. pavo, new species, is istinguished by the presence of only 4-6 dorsal-fin spines, only 6-8 rostral tooth plates and details of the colour pattern. In addition, M. lineatomaculatus, new species, is described from India and Nepal and it is distinguished by rostral tooth plates 15-17, dorsal fin spines 19-22, and large black blotches along dorsal fin. The systematic position of M. caudiocellatus is reviewed and the species is retransferred to Mastacembelus.

泰國南部產南鰍屬之一新種 - Schistura udomritthiruji

文獻來源: Bohlen J, Slechtova V. 2010. Schistura udomritthiruji, a new loach from southern Thailand (Cypriniformes: Nemacheilidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 20(4): 319-324.

Abstract
Schistura udomritthiruji, new species, is described from streams draining to the Andaman Sea in southern Thailand between Takua Pa and Ranong. It is distinguished from congeners by the following characters: dark bars on the body much thinner in the anterior half of the body than in the posterior half; 9+8 branched rays in the caudal fin; males with suborbital flap; lateral line ends above base of anal fin; caudal fin hyaline and dark bars on posterior half of body more than twice as wide as interspaces.

巴西中部辛古河流域產溪鱂科新種 - Rivulus megaroni

文獻來源: Costa WJEM. 2010. Rivulus megaroni, a new killifish from the Xingu River drainage, southern Brazilian Amazon (Cyprinodontiformes: Rivulidae). Ichthological Exploration of Freshwaters 20(4): 365-370.

Abstract
Rivulus megaroni, new species, is described from the Xingu River drainage, southern Amazonas River basin, central Brazil. It is similar to other species of Melanorivulus endemic to the southern Amazonian tributaries of central Brazil by having a unique color pattern of flank in males, consisting of red marks arranged in a chevronlike pattern, in which the chevron vertex is placed on the ventral portion of the flank. The new species is distinguished from all other species sharing that color pattern by a combination of 34-36 scales in the longitudinal series, seven well-developed pelvic-fin rays, chevron marks of flank arranged as oblique bars, absence of red pigmentation on the tip of the lower jaw, a horizontal series of white spots on the dorsal portion of the caudal fin in females, and caudal fin pink in males.

寮國中部的新種潘鰍 - Pangio longimanus

文獻來源: Britz R, Kottelat M. 2010. Pangio longimanus, a miniature species of eel-loach from Central Laos (Teleostei: Cypriniformes: Cobitidae). Ichthyological Exploration of Freshwaters 20(4): 371-376.

Abstract
Pangio longimanus, a new species of eel-loach is described from Laos. It is distinguished from other congeners by the extremely elongated pectoral fins in male and its miniature size (adult size less than 23 mm SL).

Creagrutus yanatili - 一種來自秘魯東南部Urubamba支流的新種脂鯉

文獻來源: Harold AS, Salcedo NJ. 2010. Creagrutus yanatili, a new species from the Río Urubamba drainage, southeastern Perú (Teleostei: Characidae). Ichthological Exploration of Freshwaters 20(4): 377-373.

Abstract
Creagrutus yanatili, new species, is described from the Río Urubamba drainage, southeastern Perú. It is most similar to C. peruanus, with which it occurs at one of the two known collecting localities, with respect to overall body form and meristic characters. Creagrutus yanatili differs from other Creagrutus species in the region and nearly all other Creagrutus species in the presence of very well developed papillae extending posterior of the head over most of the predorsal surface, and from all other described Creagrutus species in the presence of very dark, nearly black, pigmentation covering much of the body and fins, and the presence of both straight, needle-like and hook-like contact organs on the shafts of the anal-fin rays.

蘇門達臘虎當寵物？印尼擬准

蘇門達臘虎當寵物？印尼擬准
2010-01-25 中國時報 梁東屏／曼谷廿四日電

圖為位於印度北蘇門答臘棉蘭的一所動物園，歡喜迎接新成員─小小蘇門答臘虎，小虎靠在媽媽爪邊頻打呵欠，模樣十分可愛。（陳盈竹 編譯／美聯社）

為了保護日益稀少的蘇門答臘虎，印尼現在正在考慮允許私人將蘇門答臘虎當作寵物飼養。該國林業部總監達羅里表示：「我們不是出租或出售老虎，我們只是允許人們照料牠們」。

這項計畫如果通過，最快今年內就實施。按照計畫，任何印尼公民只要付出十億印尼盾（新台幣三百一十萬元），作為對保育工作的保證，就可以領養一對蘇門答臘虎。

野生的蘇門答臘虎在一九七○年代大約還有一千隻，不過現在僅剩下約兩百隻。蘇門答臘虎經常因為人們對其皮毛、虎骨、虎鞭乃至虎肉的消費需求而遭到非法獵殺，已被列為嚴重瀕臨絕種類動物。

雅加達當局這項計畫已經遭到保育人士抨擊，他們指出，印尼當局的正確作法應該是保護蘇門答臘虎的自然棲息地不受破壞。在印尼，蘇門答臘虎棲息森林，幾乎已被非法盜林業者摧毀殆盡。

印尼林業局官員表示，他們從峇里島的八哥鳥復育工作學到寶貴教訓。峇里島八哥鳥一度面臨滅絕，但是後來開放給民間飼養、照顧之後，繁殖得更快，目前已經沒有滅絕之虞。

林業局官員也指出，想要當蘇門答臘虎的飼主，至少要有四千九百平方公尺的土地，並接受政府對飼養的監督，虐待老虎的飼養者將被提控，罪名成立將被判罰款及監禁，且老虎的所有權還是歸於政府。達羅里指出：「我們可以把老虎的新家看作是迷你動物園」。

林業局官員武揚托也反駁這項計畫會導致蘇門答臘虎進一步被獵捕的說法。他指出人們在野外設陷阱捕捉蘇門答臘虎可能性很低，因為風險很高，而且野外捕來的老虎很難圈養，印尼目前只有約三十隻蘇門答臘虎在圈養環境出生。

另請見: 雅加達郵報(Jakarta Post)的報導

中非產石蛙科石蛙屬之分類檢討及三個新種之描述

[photo provided by Michael Barej, Zoologisches Forschungsmuseum Alexander Koenig & Andreas Schmitz (Museum d'histoire naturelle, Geneva]

文獻來源: Barej MF, Rodel M-O, Gonwouo LN, Pauwels OSG, Bohme W, Schmitz A. 2010. Review of the genus Petropedetes Reichenow, 1874 in Central Africa with the description of three new species (Amphibia: Anura: Petropedetidae). Zootaxa 2340: 1-49.

Abstract
We review and summarize the present knowledge on Central African Petropedetes, discuss their taxonomy and describe three new species. We synonymise one name: P. newtonii is a junior synonym of P. johnstoni. Frogs from the African mainland, namely Cameroon and eastern Nigeria, assigned to “P. newtonii” in more recent literature, were misidentified. They are herein described anew as Petropedetes vulpiae sp. nov. Two further new taxa are morphologically similar to other described species. Petropedetes euskircheni sp. nov. is morphologically close to P. parkeri but differs foremost in the smaller size of the femoral glands in adult males. P. juliawurstnerae sp. nov. is morphologically similar to P. perreti and P. cameronensis. It can be distinguished from P. perreti by its less developed webbing and from P. cameronensis by the size of its tympanum and the occurrence of a tympanic papilla in males. A key to adult males of the currently known Central African Petropedetes species is given and an outlook on potential further new taxa is provided.

巴西投肯廷河地區產油鯰之一新種 - Pimelodus luciae

文獻來源: Rocha MS, Ribeiro FRV. 2010. A new species of Pimelodus LaCépède, 1803 (Siluriformes: Pimelodidae) from rio Itacaiunas, rio Tocantins basin, Brazil. Zootaxa 2343: 57-65.

Abstract
Pimelodus luciae is described from rio Itacaiunas, rio Tocantins basin. The new species exhibits a unique spotted pigmentation pattern for Pimelodidae. Pimelodus luciae differs further from remaining valid Pimelodus species by the following combination of characters: the relatively short distance between the posterior nostril and the anterior orbital border; dorsal surface of the supraoccipital process rounded; horizontal orbital diameter greater than interorbital distance; and distal portion of dorsal fin hyaline. Pimelodus luciae is known only from the type-locality.

2010-01-25新進動物與魚隻

Heosemys depressa 緬甸山龜 x 1

Pseudohemiodon apithanos 陰陽直升機 (=變色龍直升機) x 1

Loricaria parnahybae 黑白直升機 (=變色龍直升機) (台產) x 5
Merodoras nheco 花木紋盔甲貓 x 3
Entomocorus radiosus 雙黑尾小虎鯨 x 3
Auchenipterichthys coracoideus 大口藍鯨 x 3
Tetranematicthys wallacei 枯葉虎鯨 x 2
Liosomadoras oncinus 豹紋石虎 x 2
Liosomadoras morrowi 黑色美洲虎 x 1
Pareutropius buffei 非洲玻璃貓 x 9
Bunocephalus sp. 斑鳩貓 x 8
Dianema urostriatum 飛鳳戰車鼠 x 4
Corydoras sp. cf. acrensis 阿克力鼠(?) x 1

Corydoras sp. C141 白棘豹鼠 x 3
Corydoras sp. C018 白棘豹鼠 x 2
Corydoras sp. (C038 x C042) x C092 希爾亂倫鼠 x 7#
Corydoras sp. C092 長鼻帝王一線鼠 (長吻納奇鼠) x 6#
Corydoras sp. handicapped 希爾殘障鼠 x 若干#
Corydoras sp. "Yunna" 投肯廷斯帝王鼠短吻型 x 1
Corydoras sodalis 大花網鼠 x 1
Corydoras rectiulatus 網鼠 x 1
Corydoras robineae 飛鳳鼠 1
Brochis splendens 青銅鼠 x 1
Mastacembelus circumcinctus 環帶吻棘鰍 x 2

Neolebias powelli 小丑短筆燈 x 13*
Hemigrammus sp. 布蘭卡燈 x 2
Cheirodon kriegi 月光燈 x 5
Hyphessobrycon sp. 三色旗(?) x 6
Characidae 其他有的沒的燈 x 若干 (啥居然有白雲山?)

[今日主題是畢業學生寵物回收中心]

魚隻來源: 大大A*, 大大B, 大大C#

【國寶山椒魚】日本傳說中的活化石－山椒魚能成為放射科技師和女高中生的愛神邱比特？！

居然還有這種東西啊.....日本的蒲島雜誌根據這個電影的情節鋪陳了一個看似史實的東西, 但其實是東拼西湊來的, 連提塔利克魚都被挖出來增加故事的真實性, 但請不要當真. 電影之官方網頁在此, 還有你水管上面的預告片

二宮家是負責看管著國寶大山椒魚－金太郎，但是世人對於二宮家所保存的山椒魚真偽都心存懷疑，自稱是21世紀天才放射科大師的飛鳥芳一接受了他人的委託調查真假與否。

但是某天二宮四郎被趕出家門並對最小的女兒做了一番告誡。 國寶級的山椒魚為整個家庭帶來什麼轉變？受委託的放射科大師竟然就此遇上了真愛？

在日本以短篇電影而受到注目的新進導演富永昌敬第一次的大膽嘗試。

小田切讓用緊張神經質的方式給了放射科技師生命力，再加上香椎由宇、KIKI每個各具特色的演員加入，年輕勢力讓整部電影個呈現另起了一股新風貌。

雄性短鰭花鱂把妹時若被其它雄性偷看會隱藏其對妹的味口以免妹被搶走

[superlink: Fishbase, photo credit: JM Artigas Azas]

文獻來源: Ziege M, Mahlow K, Hennige-Schulz C, Kronmarck C, Tiedemann R, Streit B, Plath M. 2009. Audience effects in the Atlantic molly (Poecilia mexicana)–prudent male mate choice in response to perceived sperm competition risk? Frontiers in Zoology 6:17 doi:10.1186/1742-9994-6-17

Background
Multidirectional interactions in social networks can have a profound effect on mate choice behavior; e.g., Poecilia mexicana males show weaker expression of mating preferences when being observed by a rival. This may be an adaptation to reduce sperm competition risk, which arises because commonly preferred female phenotypes will receive attention also from surrounding males, and/or because other males can copy the focal male's mate choice. Do P. mexicana males indeed respond to perceived sperm competition risk? We gave males a choice between two females and repeated the tests under one of the following conditions: (1) an empty transparent cylinder was presented (control); (2) another ("audience") male inside the cylinder observed the focal male throughout the 2nd part, or (3) the audience male was presented only before the tests, but could not eavesdrop during the actual choice tests (non-specific sperm competition risk treatments); (4) the focal male could see a rival male interact sexually with the previously preferred, or (5) with the non-preferred female before the 2nd part of the tests (specific sperm competition risk treatments).

Results
The strength of individual male preferences declined slightly also during the control treatment (1). However, this decrease was more than two-fold stronger in audience treatment (2), i.e., with non-specific sperm competition risk including the possibility for visual eavesdropping by the audience male. No audience effect was found in treatments (3) and (5), but a weak effect was also observed when the focal male had seen the previously preferred female sexually interact with a rival male (treatment 4; specific sperm competition risk).

Conclusion
When comparing the two 'non-specific sperm competition risk' treatments, a very strong effect was found only when the audience male could actually observe the focal male during mate choice [treatment (2)]. This suggests that focal males indeed attempt to conceal their mating preferences so as to prevent surrounding males from copying their mate choice. When there is no potential for eavesdropping [treatment (3)], non-specific specific sperm competition risk seems to play a minor or no role. Our results also show that P. mexicana males tend to share their mating effort more equally among females when the resource value of their previously preferred mate decreases after mating with a rival male (perceived specific sperm competition risk), but this effect is comparatively weak.

台灣的保育科學界, 媒體, 和NGO所稱的魚虎倒底是什麼東西啊?

近幾年來魚虎這個名字被叫得響亮, 而且多數的報導都一再地複製一種印象, "好可怕", 居然把"庫中的魚都吃到剩一半". 我承認那的確很可怕, 然而那種對外來種態度持雙重標準的態度讓我非常不能認同. 請問水庫中的那些魚不是外來種嗎? 水庫中那些外來鯉科魚難道在漢人移民進入台灣島後沒有破壞台灣真正原生的淡水環境? 那些從中國引進的外來種鯉科魚類那一個不是政府力量介入引進的? 釣客抱怨他們想釣的魚被吃了, 難道只是因為台灣人還不太會料理魚虎? 所以乾脆就讓這樣的聲音一直擴大到掩蓋真相與科學? 姑且不去談保育科學界漠視這種雙重標準, NGO隨著一些大老似是而非的言論起舞, 以及媒體亂報的現象, 我們先討論一個問題. 魚虎倒底是什麼東西啊?

google一下"魚虎"兩字, 大家一定會看到一堆奇奇怪怪的結果. 而且最有趣的是, 多數的pdf, ppt, doc檔, 居然都還是學生作業或是老師的教材, 然後也都是抄來抄去的. 就算是網址有gov.tw的, 也不能輕信, 為什麼? 阿那些網頁就助理或學生弄一弄貼上去啊, 不是嗎? 根據google的結果, 出現了以下各種神奇的說法. 只用"魚虎"兩字在繁體中文下查詢, 最先跑出來的有以下幾個:

• 朱政騏的blog (就是那個吃牛糞的台大學生): 扯一堆資本主義碗糕的, 他根本不知道外來物種進入台灣自然環境且拓殖的可能性有多少種吧? 隨便一個資本主義看起來拉高了論述層級一副人文關懷上身, 但真的不知道在說什麼, 他可以用blog來發表他的大論, 他可以在無名下使用blogger的底圖, 難道不是資本主義造就的環境嗎?
  
• 嘉義巨報有關在白河水庫釣魚虎的經過: 阿就是魚大人勇
  
• 特生中心的自然保育季刊裏的一篇文章: 這篇文章指出魚虎是Channa micropeltes, 而泰國鱧(或線鱧)指的是Channa striata (附註: 這篇文章又再次複製一個奇怪的觀點, 認為台灣的水域中有Pygocentrus nattereri這種鯧脂鯉!! 這倒底一開始是那個專家鑑定的啊?)
  
• 曾文水庫的魚虎特餐: 看起來不怎麼可口, 做成壽司一整個廉價了
  
• 台灣全記錄的blog: 魚虎全民公敵
• 魚虎批發部落格: 說魚虎有很多DHA, 叫大家來吃. 這是很有創意, 但是我覺得要弄一些料理給大家看看, 我當然也知道Channa很好吃, 但是沒有陳美鳳, 白冰冰, 曾國城, 阿基師去煮或是高檔飯店採購是沒有用的.
• 豬油時報: 說曾文水庫釣不到原生魚. 怪事了, 水庫裏的魚幾乎都是外來種啊, 有什麼原生魚啊?
• 一篇發表在特有生物研究的論文: 居然把魚虎當成Channa maculata, 而審查者也沒發現?
  

所以說了半天, 魚虎是啥呢? 其實所謂的魚虎一直都是Channa micropeltes. 這條鱧魚是一種從小到大有相當大的體型與體色變化的魚. 然後, 台灣有泰國鱧嗎? 台灣所說的泰國鱧是什麼? 不管是特生中心或是其它的單位網頁或林春吉的書都說台灣有Channa striata, 然而Courtenay et al. (2004)的文章指出striata這個種可能並沒有被引入台灣, 而在台灣有引入並建立族群的則是Channa maculata, 也就是斑鱧(最大33cm). 如果真正的striata根本沒有被引入台灣並在野外建立族群, 那麼一堆外來種資訊庫上所說的"最大可達90cm", 不就是根據錯誤的鑑定結果所得到的錯誤引述嗎? 林春吉的書上提到"線鱧的危害比斑鱧更嚴重", 會不會, 其實他想的是魚虎(=紅線鱧), 但是把學名當成striata? 他還說體長"20-90cm"? 我從不知道有任何一種鱧科魚類的"成體體長"有20-90cm的變化! 他在書末又指出台灣有striata是因為觀賞魚貿易所引起的, 但是為什麼我從沒見過striata的販賣, 甚至沒見過東南亞出口商報價單中有這條魚呢? 是我孤陋寡聞嗎? 他在書中的照片真的是striata嗎? 依他的說明, striata的背鰭有黑點. 但, 真正的striata的背鰭就是沒有大黑點.

我想這些問題都應該要被釐清, 而不能放任網路無限地把錯誤的資訊傳遞下去.

坦干伊喀湖只有6種藍首魚(蝴蝶)卻展現120種色彩型乃是肇因於雌魚口孵與各族群取食策略不同所形塑的頭型改變

[superlink: wikipedia, photo credit: Thomas Ernst]

文獻來源: Herler J, Kerschbaumer M, Mitteroecker P, Postl L, Sturmbauer C. 2010. Sexual dimorphism and population divergence in the Lake Tanganyika cichlid fish genus Tropheus. Frontiers in Zoology 7: 4 doi: 10.1186/1742-9994-7-4

Background
With about 120 colour morphs currently assigned to six nominal species, the genus Tropheus is an ideal model to study evolutionary divergence of populations in allopatry. The morphology of Tropheus has been described as relatively static, but reproductive constraints are sexually dimorphic due to mouthbrooding in females. We analysed phenotypic variation in six populations of T. moorii and one population of T. polli using geometric morphometrics to assess morphological differences among sexes in relation to the differentiation of populations and species.

Results
The mean shapes differed significantly between sexes, populations, and species even though within-sex variation exceeded the divergence among populations. The first principal component of Procrustes shape coordinates revealed differences between populations and species in mouth position and ventral head shape. The second principal component reflected sex-specific shape differences, mainly comprising a relatively larger female viscerocranium and, in particular, a larger buccal area. While shape variation between populations and between sexes was primarily located in the cranial region, within-sex variation was relatively uniform across all landmarks.

Conclusions
Deviations of the between-population and between-sex pattern of shape variation from that within sex indicate that the differences in head shape likely result from both adaptations to female mouthbrooding and population-specific foraging strategies.

印度東北部梅加拉亞邦掌突蟾屬之一新種 - Leptolalax khasiorum

文獻來源: Das I, Tron RKL, Rangad D, Hooroo PNK. 2010. A new species of Leptolalax (Anura: Megophryidae) from the sacred groves of Mawphlang, Meghalaya, north-eastern India. Zootaxa 2339: 44-56.

Abstract
A new species of megophryid frog of the genus Leptolalax is described from the sacred groves of Mawphlang, East Khasi Hills, north-eastern India. L. khasiorum new species, is compared with congeners from India and other parts of south-east Asia. The new species is diagnosable in showing the following combination of characters: SVL 24.5–27.3 (mean 25.63 ± 0.61 SE) mm in a sample of four adult males; 31.2–33.4 (mean 32.50 ± 0.67 SE) mm in a sample of three females; dorsum with fine scattered tubercles; eyelids with tubercles; tympanum and supratympanic fold distinct; macroglands, including preaxillary, pectorals and ventrolateral glands present; Finger I > II; toe tips not dilated, bearing dermal fringes; dorsum with dark blotches; flanks with large dark blotches; dark tympanic mask present; venter lacking dark blotches; labial bars present and limbs with dark cross-bars.

2010-01-16新進動物

[Siren lacertina Photo by LC Shih]

[superlink: Remix Online Shop 名東店]

Pseudotriton ruber schencki 豔紅蠑螈X4
Triturus marmoratus 斑點蠑螈 x 1
Siren lacertina 大鰻螈 x 5
Pseudobranchus axanthus axanthus 窄帶小型鰻螈 x 15

[再聯絡]

西藏尼木縣(涅莫)產裸趾虎新種 - 趙氏裸趾虎 Cyrtodactylus zhaoermii

文獻來源: Shih L, Zhao H. 2010. A new species of Cyrtodactylus (Reptilia: Squamata: Geckkonidae) from Xizang Autonomous Region, China. Zootaxa 2336: 51-60.

Abstract
A new species of Cyrtodactylus described from Nyemo County, Xizang Autonomous Region, China is here referred to a new species, Cyrtodactylus zhaoermii sp. nov. It is distinguished from all other Cyrtodactylus by the following characters: dorsal surface of the body with fine granules intermixed with larger sub-conical tubercles arranged into 20 more or less regular rows; proximal subdigital lamellae transversely expanded; 19–20 subdigital lamellae on toe IV; 30–32 midbody ventral scales; most scales in femoral region small, granular, series of 12–14 enlarged femoral scales lacking pores; a series of precloacal pores (4) present in male; tail with distinct segments, large, posteriorly directed tubercles in whorls, numbering nine to ten per caudal annulus, three on each side and three to four on the dorsum, situated at the posterior edge of each annulus; subcaudals not transversely expanded. The new species is the fourth Cyrtodactylus known from Xizang Autonomous Region.

2010-01-14新進魚隻

綠皮短筆燈紅金短筆燈

三線短筆燈衣索匹亞短筆燈

[Nannaethiops unitaeniatus 金線短筆燈 Photo by Nathan Chiang]

非洲雙線短筆燈
[Neolebias philippei 粉紅精靈短筆燈 Photo by Nathan Chiang]

[Photo by Pirate Tzeng]

[Procatopus similis "Njanje" Photo by Nathan Chiang]

Denticetopsis praecox 巧克力鮫鯨 x 11*
Corydoras sp. C103 虎斑一間鼠 x 8# (日名為: ハイブリッドスポットザンガマ, 或バージニアエ“スポット”)
Corydoras sp. NALC 帝王黑影鼠 x 2#
Corydoras sp. cf. urucu 巴西煙圈鼠 x 5
Mastacembelus tanganicae 大理石鰻 (坦干依喀棘鰍) x 2*
Polypterus delhezi 斑節恐龍 x 3

Barbus hulstaerti 夢幻小丑燈 x 20
Procatopus similis "Njanje" 黃背紅翅女王鱂 x 5對
Astyanax fasciatus mexicanus or jordani (?) 盲魚 x 10*
Alestopetersius sp. cf. nigropterus 火燄剛果 x 10
Ladigesia roloffi 畢卡索燈 x 10
Neolebias philippei 粉紅精靈短筆燈 x 20
Caridina longirostris or gracilisrostris (?) 紅鼻槍蝦 x 10*

有幾個議題 (但還沒時間好好思考): (1) 那些短筆燈(Neolebias)倒底怎麼鑑定, 是憑著那些線條粗細斑紋有無嗎? 或是還有比較可靠正確的鑑識特徵? (2) 那個虎斑一間鼠是啥? (3) 不同產地的女王鱂倒底是不同種? 不同的色型? 或只是主觀的評價? [待續]

魚隻來源: 台族水族(*), 石頭水族 & APT, 水世界水族(#)