2012-02-08新進魚隻

Brienomyrus brachyistius 長鼻黑企鵝 x 5

Peckoltia sp. Rio Madeira 魔王閃電金老虎異形 x 1 (據說是L405但我不確定)
Pseudomugil tenellus 藍鑽燕子 x 15
Hasemania hanseni 翰森甜心燈 x 10
Etia nguti 外星幽靈鯛 x 8Corydoras sp. 委內瑞拉青鼠 x 5
Caquetaia myersi 黃金尖嘴二線波蘿 x 2
Caquetaia sp. 蘇利南藍頰孔雀鯛 x 2 (應該是Cichlasoma ornatum or ornatus)
Laetacara curviceps 羊頭鳳凰短鯛(=玉麒麟) x 2 (以Laetacara dorsigera名義出售)
我實在不知道學名是什麼 藍面財神 x 2

以下是"人生的挑戰"區
血鸚鵡 x 2
紫鸚鵡 x 2麥姜塔孔雀 (=瑪姜塔孔雀, 麥金塔孔雀) x 2
皮球電光美人 x 1
粉紅螢光斑馬 x 5
大帆白雲山 x 2
白玉飛狐 x 2
黃金青苔鼠 x 2
華麗三色劍 x 1
大帆金茉莉 x 2
三色米奇 / 三色米老鼠 x 2
血滿 x 2
金球 x 2
銀球 x 2
黑球 x 2
魚隻來源: 澄澔水族

野生地鼠陸龜因草酸引發腎衰竭致死案例

文獻來源: Jacobson ER, Berry KH, Stacy B, Huzella LM, Kalasinsky VF, Fleetwood ML, Mense MG. 2009. Oxalosis in wild desert tortoises, Gopherus agassizii. Journal of Wildlife Diseases 45(4): 982-988.

Abstract
We necropsied a moribund, wild adult male desert tortoise (Gopherus agassizii) with clinical signs of respiratory disease and elevated plasma biochemical analytes indicative of renal disease (blood urea nitrogen [415 mg/dl], uric acid [11.8 mg/dl], sodium [>180 mmol/l] and chloride [139 mmol/l]). Moderate numbers of birefringent oxalate crystals, based on infrared and electron microscopy, were present within renal tubules; small numbers were seen in colloid within thyroid follicles. A retrospective analysis of 66 additional cases of wild desert tortoises was conducted to determine whether similar crystals were present in thyroid and kidney. The tortoises, from the Mojave and Sonoran deserts, were necropsied between 1992 and 2003 and included juveniles and adults. Tortoises were classified as healthy (those that died due to trauma and where no disease was identified after necropsy and evaluation by standard laboratory tests used for other tortoises) or not healthy (having one or more diseases or lesions). For all 67 necropsied tortoises, small numbers of crystals of similar appearance were present in thyroid glands from 44 of 54 cases (81%) and in kidneys from three of 65 cases (5%). Presence of oxalates did not differ significantly between healthy and unhealthy tortoises, between age classes, or between desert region, and their presence was considered an incidental finding. Small numbers of oxalate crystals seen within the kidney of two additional tortoises also were considered an incidental finding. Although the source of the calcium oxalate could not be determined, desert tortoises are herbivores, and a plant origin seems most likely. Studies are needed to evaluate the oxalate content of plants consumed by desert tortoises, and particularly those in the area where the tortoise in renal failure was found.

隱孢子蟲症(Cryptosporidiosis)導致四趾陸龜與餅乾龜死亡的案例

文獻來源: Griffin C, Reavill DR, Stacy BA, Childress AL, Wellehan Jr JFX. 2010. Cryptosporidiosis Caused By Two Distinct Species In Russian Tortoises And A Pancake Tortoise, Veterinary Parasitology, In Press

Abstract
Cryptosporidiosis in squamates is well documented, but there is very limited information available on cryptosporidiosis in testudines. We describe three cases of cryptosporidiosis in tortoises with associated pathology. Two Russian tortoises (Agrionemys [Testudo] horsfieldii) and a pancake tortoise (Malacochersus tornieri), all from separate collections, were found dead. At necropsy, two had histological evidence of intestinal cryptosporidiosis and one had gastric cryptosporidiosis. Consensus Cryptosporidium sp. PCR and sequencing was used to identify the Cryptosporidium sp. present in these three tortoises. In the juvenile Russian tortoise with gastric cryptosporidiosis, the organism had 98% homology with a previously reported sequence from an Indian star tortoise isolate. A second chelonian Cryptosporidium sp. was identified in the pancake tortoise and the second Russian tortoise. This sequence was 100% identical to a shorter gene sequence previously reported in a marginated tortoise. This is the first report coordinating pathology with Cryptosporidium characterization in chelonians. The two Cryptosporidium sp. found in tortoises segregate according to site of infection, and there may be further differences in pathology, host range, and transmission. These Cryptosporidium sp. appear to be able to infect diverse tortoise host species. This may be an under-recognized problem in tortoises.

國際爬蟲貿易是造成波蘭境內發現外來蜱類的原因

文獻來源: Nowak M. 2010. The international trade in reptiles (Reptilia)--The cause of the transfer of exotic ticks (Acari: Ixodida) to Poland, Veterinary Parasitology, In Press, Available online 20 January 2010, ISSN 0304-4017, DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2010.01.006.

Abstract
The problem of the unnatural transfer of exotic ticks (Acari: Ixodida) on reptiles (Reptilia) imported to Poland is presented. In the period from 2003 to 2007, 382 specimens of reptiles belonging to the following genera were investigated: Testudo, Iguana, Varanus, Gongylophis, Python, Spalerosophis, Psammophis. The reptiles most infested with ticks are imported to Poland from Ghana in Africa, and are the commonly bred terrarium reptiles: Varanus exanthematicus and Python regius. As a result of the investigations, the transfer of exotic ticks on reptiles to Poland was confirmed. There were 2104 specimens of the genera Amblyomma and Hyalomma. The following species were found: Amblyomma exornatum Koch, 1844, Amblyomma flavomaculatum (Lucas, 1846), Amblyomma latum Koch, 1844, Amblyomma nuttalli Donitz, 1909, Amblyomma quadricavum (Schulze, 1941), Amblyomma transversale (Lucas, 1844), Amblyomma varanense (Supino, 1897), Amblyomma sp. Koch, 1844, Hyalomma aegyptium (Linnaeus, 1758). All the species of ticks of genus Amblyomma revealed have been discovered in Poland for the first time. During the research, 13 cases of anomalies of morphological structure were confirmed in the ticks A. flavomaculatum, A. latum and H. aegyptium. The expanding phenomenon of the import of exotic reptiles in Poland and Central Europe is important for parasitological and epidemiological considerations, and therefore requires monitoring and wide-ranging prophylactic activities to prevent the inflow of exotic parasites to Poland.

於香港機場查獲的六種走私龜中所檢出十種內寄生蠕蟲

文獻來源: Murray RA. 2004. Endohelminths from six rare species of turtles (Bataguridae) from southeast Asia confiscated by international authorities in Hongkong, China. Master's thesis, Taxas A & M University.

Abstract
Specimens of 6 species of threatened, vulnerable, and endangered turtles (Cuora amboinensis, Cyclemys dentata, Heosemys grandis, Orlitia borneensis, Pyxidea mouhotii, and Siebenrockiella crassicollis) belonging to family Bataguridae, were confiscated in Hong Kong, China on 11 December 2001 by international authorities. Endohelminth studies on these turtle species are scarce, and this study provided a rare opportunity to examine a limited number of specimens for endohelminths. Ten different parasite species were collected and there were 16 new host records. This is the first record of a parasite from P. mouhotii. The parasite prevalences found in this study provide a basis for a better understanding of the phylogenetic relationships of the family Bataguridae to other families, especially Testudinidae. Based on known life cycles, parasites found provided an indication of food preferences of these 6 turtle species that support previous studies of the turtles’ feeding habits. However, the results of the parasite survey from O. borneensis provided additional feeding habit information. The list of endohelminths herein is intended to provide a foundation for future parasite studies of the 6 species of Asian turtles.

青銅鼠與其它鼠魚的"黃銹病"(或絲絨病)由卵圓鞭毛蟲所引起

文獻來源: Ferraz E, Sommerville C. 1998. Pathology of Piscinoodinium spp. (Protozoa: Dinoflagellida), parasites of the ornamental freshwater catfishes Corydoras spp. and Brochis splendens (Pisces: Callichthyidae). Diseases of Aquatic Organisms 33: 43-49. [全文下載]

Abstract
Piscinoodinium (Protozoa, Dinoflagellida) was commonly found on routine smears of samples of Brochis splendens and Corydoras spp imported into Britain from South America, and on samples of the same gioup of ilsh examined at the evporters holding facilities in Brazil Infected fish had trophonts of difielent sizes on the gills and skin In histological sections of the skin, the trophonts were found to be attached within depiessions of diffelent depths or enclosed by hyperplastic epithelial cells Such enclosed trophonts have not previously been reported Since some of the enclosed trophonts were dead, it was lhought that enclosure was a result of the deep penetration of the trophont and the host defence mechamsm. On the gills the Piscinoodinium infection was colnmonly associated with epithclial hypertrophy, focal and diffuse hyperplasia, oedema of the respiratory epitheliuma nd lamellar fusion The presence of this protozoan on different specles of fish from the same shipment suggests that the infection was acquired befoie export The souice of infection and the stages of the export process which expose the fish to the highest nsk of infection are discussed.

行政院農委會家畜衛生試驗所水生動物疾病診斷輔助系統

感覺很有用的資料庫, 網址在此http://aqua.nvri.gov.tw/

[表文]我認為某個W開頭牌子的藥的用量根本就是亂搞

W牌的藥有沒有用我其實不知道, 有些藥(錠狀的)因為被宣稱對頭洞有效, 所以抱著魚比藥貴的心態, 就買了. 重點是那些液狀的藥, 我常常看不懂那個用量是怎樣. 標籤上寫著: 60ml對900公升, 120ml濃縮對3600公升, 500ml濃縮對22700公升. 我真的懷疑有人看懂過這三行嗎? 倒底是什麼東西被濃縮了? 是指這罐藥本身是濃縮的嗎? 所謂的濃縮是相對於什麼來說算濃? 2%對1%算濃縮一倍嗎? 看看英文說明, 它說2.5ml treats 75 liters, 5ml - 150 liters, 10ml - 297 liters (一直到30ml - 891 liters). 如果以英文的使用說明來看中文說明, 60ml應該是要對1782公升不是嗎? 好吧, 我猜60, 120, 500指的是這種藥的包裝規格. 但是不好意思喔, 我買的就是500ml的, 如果說500ml對的是22700公升, 為什麼我使用英文說明的算式, 500ml應該是對應14850公升呢? 所以這種又貴又不知道有沒有效的藥, 連個標示都不清不楚的, 又怎麼好意思在市面上賣這麼多年呢?

亞達伯拉象龜因因外瓶黴感染人畜共通的黑色真菌症

[superlink: wikipedia, photo credit: Muhammad Mahdi Karim]

文獻來源: Stringer EM, Garner MM, Proudfoot JS, Ramer JC, Bowman MR, Heng HG, Bradway DS. 2009. Phaeohyphomycosis of the carapace in an Aldabra tortoise (Geochelone gigantea). Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40(1):160-167.

Abstract
An adult male Aldabra tortoise (Geochelone gigantea) presented with a deep flaking area of the carapace, and histologic examination of biopsies from this area revealed phaeohyphomycosis of the superficial keratinized layers. The disease progressed rapidly and spread to numerous sites on the carapace. After several weeks of regular debridement, deep bone involvement was evident and was confirmed through histologic examination. Fungal culture was attempted but was unsuccessful at isolating the infectious agent. Polymerase chain reaction analysis of extracted DNA from the fixed tissue block identified the fungus as Exophiala oligosperma. Initial treatment included weekly debridement and oral and topical antifungal agents. A nuclear scintigraphy bone scan was performed to determine the extent and status of the infection. Multiple foci of uptake of the radiopharmaceutical marker were present within the carapace, indicating active lesions. The tortoise was maintained on oral antifungal treatment, and lesions resolved over several months. A repeat bone scan performed 1 yr after initial presentation showed reduction in marker uptake, indicating a response to treatment in the deeper lesions. Phaeohyphomycosis should be considered as a differential diagnosis for cases of shell lesions in chelonians.

不當使用短波長UVb燈泡造成球蟒與藍舌蜥的光照性皮炎與光角結膜炎

[superlink: wikipedia, photo credit: Noodle snacks]

文獻來源: Gardiner, D. W., Baines, F.M., and Pandher, K. 2009. Photodermatitis and photokeratoconjunctivitis in a ball python (Python regius) and a blue-tongue skink (Tiliqua spp.) Journal of Zoo and Wildlife Medicine 40(4):757-766. [另請參考UV Guide UK對於室內飼養爬行類動物使用UV光源的研究與建議]

Abstract
A male ball python (Python regius) and a female blue tongue skink (Tiliqua spp.) of unknown age were evaluated for anorexia, lethargy, excessive shedding, corneal opacity (python), and weight loss (skink) of approximately three weeks' duration. These animals represented the worst affected animals from a private herpetarium where many animals exhibited similar signs. At necropsy, the python had bilateral corneal opacity and scattered moderate dysecdysis. The skink had mild dysecdysis, poor body condition, moderate intestinal nematodiasis, and mild liver atrophy. Microscopic evaluation revealed epidermal erosion and ulceration, with severe epidermal basal cell degeneration and necrosis, and superficial dermatitis (python and skink). Severe bilateral ulcerative keratoconjunctivitis with bacterial colonization was noted in the ball python. Microscopic findings within the skin and eyes were suggestive of ultraviolet (UV) radiation damage or of photodermatitis and photokeratoconjunctivitis. Removal of the recently installed new lamps from the terrariums of the surviving reptiles resulted in resolution of clinical signs. Evaluation of a sample lamp of the type associated with these cases revealed an extremely high UV output, including very-short-wavelength UVB, neither found in natural sunlight nor emitted by several other UVB lamps unassociated with photokeratoconjunctivitis. Exposure to high-intensity and/or inappropriate wavelengths of UV radiation may be associated with significant morbidity, and even mortality, in reptiles. Veterinarians who are presented with reptiles with ocular and/or cutaneous disease of unapparent cause should fully evaluate the specifics of the vivarium light sources. Further research is needed to determine the characteristics of appropriate and of toxic UV light for reptiles kept in captivity.

玩寵物龜染菌 童腹脹拉血便

【邱俊吉╱台北報導】一名三歲男童常與寵物龜玩，日前卻忽然高燒，一天腹瀉十幾次，送醫診治發現是罹患毒性巨結腸症，且已併發敗血症，再不治療，恐會致死。醫師表示，烏龜、蜥蜴等糞便或分泌物常含有沙門氏菌，免疫力較差的兒童如果被感染可能併發重症，醫師呼籲家長應養成孩子接觸寵物後就洗手的習慣，以預防病菌感染。

不得不慎
收治病例的新竹國泰醫院小兒科主治醫師盧英仁說，這名男童平日常與家人飼養的寵物龜接觸，日前忽然發高燒到攝氏四十度，且一天內拉出十多次帶血絲及黏液的糞便，肚子鼓得像顆球，家長連忙帶其就醫，當天就被收治住院。

沙門氏菌致腸胃炎
經檢查男童發炎數值已超過三十（正常值小於一），顯示發炎嚴重，肚子摸起來很硬、一壓就痛，所幸經抗生素治療後，已改善不適，事後血液及糞便檢驗報告，則證實是感染沙門氏菌所導致的敗血症與毒性巨結腸症。
盧英仁說，沙門氏菌是格蘭氏陰性桿菌的一種，宿主包括家禽、家畜及烏龜、蜥蜴等，而其糞便或分泌物若經人們接觸後誤食，便可能引發腸胃炎，通常在接觸污染物六至八小時後發作，感染初期症狀以高燒、嘔吐及腹絞痛最常見，接著會出現帶有黏液或血絲的腹瀉。

須服用抗生素治療
盧英仁說，兒童感染沙門氏菌，經治療多可在一、二周康復，但少數會出現嚴重併發症，如脫水、敗血症、毒性巨結腸症等，這可能致使腸穿孔，甚至死亡，須及時用抗生素治療，以降低死亡率。
書田診所小兒科主任潘俊伸則強調，家有養寵物，要多注意環境衛生，並須勤洗手，而當發現孩子有解血便，高燒、腹脹與嘔吐，應盡速就醫，以免導致嚴重併發症。

預防沙門氏菌感染 注意事項

• 家有寵物，應妥善處理其糞便或分泌物。
• 應養成勤洗手習慣。
• 不吃未經煮熟的食物。沙門氏菌一般在55℃以上1小時，或60℃以上15分鐘，即可被殺死。
• 飼主發現家中兒童有解血絲或黏液異便，同時高燒不退，並有腹脹、嘔吐，應速就醫。

資料來源：盧英仁醫師、潘俊伸醫師

轉自蘋果日報

紅翅戰車鼠體表腫瘤為間葉組織形成的纖維瘤但原因不明

文獻來源: Caruso D, Keith P, Palssiart G. 2009. Skin nodular neoplasm in the armoured catfish, cascarudo (Callichthys callichthys), in French Guiana, South America. Journal of Applied Ichthyology 19(2): 126-128. [網址]

Microscopically, the lesions consisted of non-encapsulated dermal (sub-epithelial) mesenchymal proliferation. In the slide coloured with Masson's trichrome, the tumoral cells showed a fibroblastic phenotype and haphazardly scattered arrangements in collagen-rich stroma (Fig. 2). The surface of the tumour appeared to be covered by a hyperplastic epidermis devoid of simple cylindrical epithelium and was composed of the serous cells typical of the Siluriformes. This epithelium is well represented in the normal adjacent areas. Neither nuclear abnormality nor obvious mitotic activity was present. No parasitic structure was observed in the lesions at microscopic observation. The proliferating tissue occasionally infiltrated the underlying osseous dermal plaque (Fig. 3), but the osseous plaque structure appeared to be healthy. All examined lesions shared the same histological aspects (Fig. 4). Although a periostal origin of the tumour cannot be excluded, the histological findings of the lesions are consistent with a fibroma or benign fibrohystiocytoma in humans. Fibroma is considered one of the most frequently observed mesenchymal tumours in fish (Richards, 1977; Roberts, 1979). This neoplasm has been found in different marine species such as the striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) from Tunisia (Lopez and Ribaud, 1981) and the redband parrotfish (Sparisoma autofrenatus) in the Caribbean region (Grizzle and Williams, 1983). To the knowledge of the authors, few cases of fibroma have been reported on Amazonian freshwater fish in the literature. A fibroma localized in the branchial arc has been reported in pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) (Ferraz de Lima et al., 1993) from fish-pond facilities in Brazil, and another has been found in the abdomen of captive red piranha (Serrasalmus nattereri) (Heckman, 1994). Although the idiopathic origin cannot be excluded, the high prevalence observed (66%) and some histological features – such as the haphazardly disposed elongated cell – analogous to equine sarcoid caused by bovine papilloma DNA virus (Trenfield et al., 1985; Lancaster et al., 1997), could suggest an infectious aetiology, possibly of viral origin. Getchell et al. (1998) reported that at least 11 types of virus are implicated in skin tumours of wild fish, and different virus families have been involved in fish fibroma. Rhabdovirus carpio have been observed in the swim bladder fibroma in carp (Cyprinus carpio) (Inchausty and Heckman, 1996) and retrovirus particles were found in lip fibroma from captive Pterophyllum sp. (Francis-Floyd et al., 1993). Lentivirus-like particles have been responsible for skin tumours classified as fibroma or possible fibrosarcoma in another armoured fish, the hooknose (Agonus cataphractus) (Anders et al., 1991). Otherwise, the histological features observed in the fibroma of cascarudo allowed differential diagnosis from two other viral cutaneous tumours of fish: the fish lymphocystis disease (FLD) and the walleye dermal sarcoma (WDS). Indeed, the fibroblastic cells did not appear hypertrophied and surrounded by a hyaline capsule as typical for FLD (Paperna, 1982; Bowden et al., 1995; Williams Jr et al., 1996), and differed from WDS by the absence of vacuolar degeneration in the tumour cells and centrally located coagulation necrosis (Martineau et al., 1990; Earnest-Koons et al., 1996). No other species of fish collected in Marais de Panato showed similar skin lesions. This was also true for another sympatric armoured catfish, M. thoracata, very close to the cascarudo. This specificity could suggest a close relationship between the host and etiologic agent. Further study will be required to deepen epidemiological, histological and etiological considerations, but this note reports for the first time neoplastic skin lesions with high prevalence from a wild population of Amazonian fish.

翡翠巨蜥因皰疹病毒造成口腔炎

文獻來源: Wellehan, J.F.X., Johnson, A.J., Latimer, K.S., Whiteside, D.P., Crawshaw, G.J., Detrisac, C.J., Heard, D.J., Terrell, S.P., Childress, A., and Jacobson, E.R. 2005. Varanid herpesvirus-1: a novel herpesvirus associated with proliferative stomatitis in green tree monitors (Varanus prasinus). Vet. Micro. 105(2): 83-92. [網址]

Abstract
Stomatitis is a common problem in lizards, and the etiologies of stomatitis in lizards are not well understood. Four green tree monitor lizards (previous termVaranusnext term prasinus) from two different collections were evaluated because of proliferative stomatitis. Degenerate PCR primers targeting a conserved region of herpesvirus DNA-dependent DNA polymerase were used to amplify and sequence a product from gingival tissue of three of four lizards (cases 1, 3, and 4). DNA in situ hybridization of tissues from three lizards was positive for herpesvirus in the oral mucosa of all three lizards tested (cases 1–3) and the brain of two lizards (cases 1 and 3). Comparative sequence analysis suggests that this virus is a novel member of the subfamily α-herpesvirinae, and is here termed varanid herpesvirus 1.

翡翠巨蜥經食用白鼠感染無乳鏈球菌引發敗血症死亡

文獻來源: Hetzel U; König A; Yildirim A O; Lämmler Ch; Kipar A. 2003. Septicaemia in emerald monitors (Varanus prasinus Schlegel 1839) caused by Streptococcus agalactiae acquired from mice. Veterinary microbiology 2003;95(4):283-93. [網址]

Abstract
The present study was performed to investigate both the identity and the source of the bacteria responsible for a fatal septicaemia observed in a group of three subadult emerald monitors (Varanus prasinus Schlegel 1839). The emerald monitors were necropsied and examined by light microscopy, including immunohistology, and by electron microscopy. Tissue samples were additionally submitted for bacteriological, virological and parasitological examinations. The virological and parasitological results were noncontributory, whereas the bacteriological investigation resulted in the isolation of gram-positive cocci which were characterized biochemically and serologically and by molecular analysis. The death of the emerald monitors was caused by a partially leukocyte-associated septicaemic infection with streptococci of serological group B of serotype V. Phenotypically and genotypically identical group B streptococci were isolated from the intestine of subadult mice, obtained from the feed used for the monitors. The genotypical characterization included an identical DNA fingerprint of strains of both origins, indicating the epidemiological relation between the feeding mice and the infections of the monitors.

台灣中部地區豢養陸龜上呼吸道疾病之黴漿菌分離與鑑定

文獻來源: 王馨蓮. 2006. 台灣中部地區豢養陸龜上呼吸道疾病之黴漿菌分離與鑑定 (Isolation and Identification of Mycoplasma spp. of Upper Respiratory Tract Disease in Pet Tortoises in Central Taiwan). 國立中興大學獸醫學系暨研究所碩士論文. [線上摘要]

摘要
上呼吸道疾病為台灣豢養龜類之常見疾病，致病病原包含Mycoplasma agassizii, M. testudnium 及 Herpesvirus等。本研究目的為瞭解台灣中部地區罹患上呼吸道疾病之豢養陸龜黴漿菌感染情形，並提供臨床獸醫作為診斷治療之參考依據。自2005 年3月至2006年5月於中興大學獸醫教學醫院野生動物科門診採集罹患上呼吸道疾病陸龜的鼻腔灌洗液或拭子樣本共110個，分別以黴漿菌分離培養及聚合酶 鍊鎖反應檢測黴漿菌之發生率。黴漿菌分離使用SP4培養基，於30℃；5％ CO2 環境中培養1-6週。聚合酶鍊鎖反應則配合黴漿菌屬別特異性引子對P1-MGSO進行16S rDNA 核酸序列增幅，陽性產物經純化後以核酸定序比對進行確認。並分析自2004年8月至2006年5月門診罹患上呼吸道疾病陸龜病例與氣候因子之相關性。結果 顯示，黴漿菌屬別特異性聚合酶鍊鎖反應陽性率為16.3％。然而僅自這些檢體中分離出一株黴漿菌分離株，經核酸定序比對後確認為M. agassizii，證實台灣地區豢養陸龜確有黴漿菌感染。同時病例之發生除與氣溫改變具相關趨勢外，與其他氣候因子則無相關。和黴漿菌分離培養比較，以 聚合酶鍊鎖反應配合核酸序列分析比對進行黴漿菌檢測較分離培養可迅速、確實地診斷陸龜黴漿菌症，不但可用於上呼吸道疾病的病因診斷，也可作為帶菌陸龜的篩 檢方法，對於陸龜臨床疾病診治及預防本病傳播應當有所助益。

Abstract
Upper respiratory tract disease (URTD) was one of the common diseases in captive chelonian in Taiwan. It has been reported that Mycoplasma agassizii, M. testudnium and Herpesvirus can become the etiological agents and cause URTD in tortoise. The purpose of this study was to investigate the prevalence of mycoplasma infection in captive tortoises with URTD in central Taiwan that may provide the reference to clinical veterinarian for diagnosis of URTD in tortoises. We collected nasal discharge specimens of 110 tortoises with URTD from March, 2005 to May, 2006 at the wildlife section of Veterinary Teaching Hospital, National Chung Hsing University. Specimens were cultured in SP4 medium at 30℃ with 5％ CO2 for 1 to 6 weeks and examined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Mycoplasma genus-specific primer pair (P1-MGSO) based upon the sequence information of 16S rDNA was used in PCR detection. The positive PCR product was sequenced and then these sequences were compared with NCBI data bank. In addition, we analyzed the relationship between prevalence of URTD and climate factors (temperature difference and relative humidity) from August, 2004 to May, 2006. The result showed that the prevalence of Mycoplasma spp. was 16.3％ (18/110) detected by PCR. However, only one isolated specimens was identified as M. agassizii by 16S rDNA sequencing. In addition, URTD was only related to temperature change, but not to other climate factors. Compared to traditional mycoplasma culture PCR may be a good and rapid method for diagnosis of mycoplasmosis in tortoises with URTD. The method not only can use for clinically etiological diagnosis but also be a good screen method for carrier.

一平匙倒底是幾公克?

使用藥劑的時候, 最煩人的就是那些標識不清, 使用說明語焉不詳的藥品. 有些貴得要死的藥, 療程久, 然後中文與英文的翻譯湊不上(這個容後再報, 以免被脾氣很差的老闆說我們在造謠). 有些藥則是連用量, 以及兩次療程間倒底要不要換水也沒說清楚. 如果是小劑量的施藥或許沒有那麼大的誤差, 但如果是高用量的施藥, 那個誤差可就大了. 許多的魚病用藥都會附上小杯子, 或是告訴你1ml等於幾滴, 但是大家真的會相信嗎? 所以我們就拿最常使用的BIO來開刀(德河的老闆不要殺我). 我們一直懷疑那個小平匙是否真為1kg或0.5kg, 所以我們以微量天平進行測試. 我們一天到晚在秤藥, 所以秤藥的基本操作是沒有問題的, 微量天平也是有在校正的. 以下是我們的測試報告.

• White spot killer: 一平匙說是0.5g, 但實際上是0.63g
• Hexa killer(日本動物): 一平匙說是1g, 實際上是0.89g
• 伏滅菌: 一平匙說是0.5g, 實際上是0.69g
• 掃蟲王: 一平匙是0.5g, 實際上是0.73g
• Worm killer: 一平匙說是0.5g, 實際上是0.7g
• Arowana gold: 最貴的藥, 但這個就厲害了, 一平匙說是1g, 量出來也真的是1g
  

如果您有一個四尺缸, 水量約300L, 照著說明書加入新魚用的伏滅菌, 照著說明書上的使用方法是1kg對60L的水, 也就是說應該使用5kg (10匙), 但實際上只要使用7-7.2匙就好. 但治療六鞭毛蟲用的Hexa Killer若使用在300L的水槽, 原本以為只要下6匙, 實際上是要下約7匙才是. 當然啦, 或許這樣的差異對療效的影響並不顯著, 魚病可能一樣治得好, 魚病也有可能根本治不好. 然而一般消費者其實不容易取得精確的度量工具, 所以清楚的標識仍然是有必要的. 尤其是那些價格不低用量很高的藥, 若買了以後治不好價格不匪的愛魚, 那麼怨念就會越積越深了. 下次再講那些"幾滴=1ml"的藥倒底是怎麼一回事. BTW, BIO的藥還是有它的療效, 對於初入缸的魚來說還不錯.

爬蟲類的脂肪肝

一篇還沒消化的文章, 為了爆肝的日守宮而讀的

Divers SJ, Cooper JE. 2000. Reptile hepatic lipidosis. Seminars in Avian and Exotic Pet Medicine 9(3): 153-164. [連結]

Hepatic lipidosis is a well-recognized condition that is frequently diagnosed postmortem in numerous species of reptiles. Unfortunately, there is a paucity of information concerning the pathogenesis of hepatic lipidosis in reptiles, and, until relatively recently, the collection of biopsies for definitive antemortem diagnosis presented a challenge to clinicans. Although many of the difficulties of sample acquisition have now been overcome, the practitioner is still faced with the problems of microscopic (histopathologic and electron microscopic) interpretation. This article clarifies, and attempts to quantify, the diagnosis of hepatic lipidosis so that others may build on this foundation to produce a body of further information on this clinically important condition. A logical case investigation is described, with particular emphasis on histological interpretation through the grading of microscopic lesions.

Key words: Reptile; liver; hepatic lipidosis; hepatopathy

Reptile Medicine線上教學

由Tufts Open Courseware所提供的線上教學資訊, 對兩棲爬蟲與其它野生動物獸醫有興趣的人可以參考參考.

[Article] 靴腳陸龜溶組織內阿米巴原蟲病

剛好看到, 參考參考

• 凹甲陆龟溶组织内阿米巴原虫病的病原分离培养与鉴定
• 不同温度和pH对溶组织内阿米巴龟分离株生长的影响
• 凹甲陆龟溶组织内阿米巴原虫病的病理组织学观察

默斯特Münster dactymor試用報告

三代蟲已經接二連三地造成我們多鰭魚飼養上的大困擾, 5/10首次發現之前使用的藥沒用了, 6/21更進一步造成一些預期外的損傷, 傳統的粗鹽治療對於某些不耐鹽的種類來說是非常不恰當的, 但BIO的藥, 不管是體外寄生蟲或是什麼特馬林也已經完全沒有用處. 昨天開始索性試用默斯特Münster dactymor治療, 否則整缸數十隻多鰭魚全身都是三代蟲真的是快令人抓狂. 怎麼可以有這麼討人厭的寄生蟲呢? 我在300L的水槽中使用20ml的dactymor, 經過不到12小時, 一些感染最嚴重的Polypterus polli已經不再有任何蟲體附著, 而原本表皮有變白傾向的Polypterus palmas buettikoferi也已經好轉出現顏色. 接下來應該會依據指示於48小時後換水再重新進行一次療程. 總共應該要進行3次才能放心. 這瓶藥雖然貴了點, 但目前為止算是相當有效的. 但後續是否又會出現抗藥性就很難說了.