以4個核基因之序列資訊推測鯉目之科級親緣關係

文獻來源: Mayden RL, Chen WJ, Bart HL, Doosey MH, Simons AM, Tang KL, Wood RM, Agnew MK, Yang L, Hirt MV, Clements MD, Saitoh K, Sado T, Mita M, Nishida M. 2009. Reconstructing the phylogenetic relationships of the earth’s most diverse clade of freshwater fishes—order Cypriniformes (Actinopterygii: Ostariophysi): A case study using multiple nuclear loci and the mitochondrial genome. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 51(3): 500-514. [全文連結]

Abstract
The order Cypriniformes is the most diverse clade of freshwater fishes and is natively distributed on all continents except South America, Australia, and Antarctica. Despite the diversity of the group and the fundamental importance of these species in both ecosystems and human culture, relatively little has been known about their relationships relative to their diversity. In recent years, with an international effort investigating the systematics of the group, more information as to their genealogical relationships has emerged and species discovery and their descriptions have increased. One of the more interesting aspects of this group has been a traditional lack of understanding of the relationships of the families, subfamilies, and other formally or informally identified groups. Historical studies have largely focused on smaller groups of species or genera. Because of the diversity of this group and previously published whole mitochondrial genome evidence for relationships of major clades in the order, this clade serves as an excellent group to investigate the congruence between relationships reconstructed for major clades with whole mitogenome data and those inferred from a series of nuclear gene sequences. As descent has resulted in only one tree of life, do the phylogenetic relationships of these major clades converge on similar topologies using the large number of available characters through this suite of nuclear genes and previously published mitochondrial genomes? In this study we examine the phylogenetic relationships of major clades of Cypriniformes using previously published mitogenomes and four putative single-copy nuclear genes of the same or closely related species. Combined nuclear gene sequences yielded 3810 bp, approximately 26% of the bp found in a single mitogenome; however homoplasy in the nuclear genes was measurably less than that observed in mitochondrial sequences. Relationships of taxa and major clades derived from analyses of nuclear and mitochondrial sequences were nearly identical and both received high support values. While some differences of individual gene trees did exist for species, it is predicted that these differences will be minimized with increased taxon sampling in future analyses.

圖片連結:

半寄生毛鼻鯰才是吸血鯰的祖先

文獻來源: Fernándeza L, Schaefer A. 2009. Relationships among the Neotropical Candirus (Trichomycteridae, Siluriformes) and the evolution of parasitism based on analysis of mitochondrial and nuclear gene sequences. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52(2): 416-423. [全文連結]
Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among the trichomycterid catfishes are investigated for the first time using molecular sequence data. Data derived from mitochondrial and nuclear DNA sequences for representatives of 17 genera were analyzed to test previous hypotheses of relationships among trichomycterid subfamilies, the monophyly of the subfamily Stegophilinae, and the monophyly and relationships among the genera of parasitic members of the family. We analyzed 2325 aligned base-pairs from mitochondrial 12S, 16S, ND4 (tRNAHis tRNASer), and the nuclear histone H3 gene for representatives of 10 of 12 stegophiline and 3 of 4 vandelliine genera, plus 10 outgroup taxa selected to represent the range of subfamilial diversity. Maximum parsimony and likelihood approaches resolved a monophyletic semiparasitic Stegophilinae as the sister-group of the obligate hematophagous Vandelliinae. At the level of subfamilies, the pattern of relationships of the parasitic members among the remainder of the family is fully congruent with the most recent hypothesis of relationships for trichomycterids based exclusively on morphological data. Within stegophilines, our results differ from multiple previous morphological studies in recovery of (1) Haemomaster and Ochmacanthus as sister-taxa, (2) the morphologically plesiomorphic Pareidon microps nested within a relatively distal part of the tree topology, (3) Apomatoceros as sister to Henonemus, rather than to the morphologically similar Megalocentor. These result indicate that parasitism arose once and was unreversed within the Trichomycteridae. Survey of diet and feeding morphology among trichomycterids suggests that the semiparasitic lifestyle of the members of the Stegophilinae was retained in the enigmatic Pareiodon microps, despite reversal to the generalized trichomycterid condition of the associated morphological specializations found in all other stegophilines. These results further support the reconstruction of semiparasitism, rather than blood feeding, for the shared common ancestor of the parasitic Trichomycteridae.

圖片連結: Jeffrey Leow WordPress

馬達加斯加產盾尾鬣蜥亞科起源自侏儸紀中晚期

文獻來源: Okajima Y, Kumazawa Y. 2009. Mitogenomic perspectives into iguanid phylogeny and biogeography: Gondawanan vicariance for the origin of Madagascan oplurines. Gene 441(1-2): 28-35. [全文連結]

Abstract
Complete or nearly complete nucleotide sequences of mitochondrial genomes (mtDNAs) were determined from eight species which, together with previous mtDNA data for two other taxa, cover most subfamilies of Iguanidae sensu lato. These iguanid mtDNAs were found to be rather conservative with respect to gene arrangements and molecular evolutionary rates, which contrasts with mtDNAs of Acrodonta (Agamidae and Chamaeleonidae) in which several gene rearrangements and highly accelerated molecular evolutionary rates have been known. Phylogenetic analyses consistently suggested the earliest shoot-off of a Malagasy subfamily Oplurinae and an affinity of Polychrotinae and Tropidurinae sensu stricto. However, even with the ample molecular characters derived from complete mtDNA sequences, phylogenetic relationships between iguanid subfamilies were poorly resolved in general, presumably due to the rapid ancient cladogenesis. Divergence time estimation without assuming the molecular clock suggested the Late Triassic/Early Jurassic divergence of Iguanidae from acrodonts and the Middle/Late Jurassic divergence of Oplurinae from the other iguanids. Together with geological and paleontological evidence, these results led us to propose Gondwanan vicariance for the origin of Malagasy oplurines without invoking a land bridge connection between South America/Antarctica and drifting Madagascar/India.

圖片連結: Missouri Botanical Garden (Photo credit: David R. Parks)

素食性的王者蜥的咬合力與其它的飛蜥沒有顯著差異

文獻來源: Herrel A, De Vree F. 2009. Jaw and hyolingual activity patterns and bite forces in the herbivorous lizard Uromastyx acanthinurus. Achives of Oral Biology doi: 10.1016/j.archoralbio.2009.05.002 [全文連結]

Abstract
Uromastyx lizards are basal agamid lizards that are characterized by an herbivorous diet and a robust akinetic skull. Recently, lizards in general, and Uromastyx lizards in particular, have become a model system for mechanical analyses of skull function. However, quantitative models of skull function are hampered by a lack of knowledge on the activation patterns of jaw and hyolingual muscles. Moreover, in vivo bite force or strain data, essential to test the validity of these modelling efforts, are lacking. Here we provide data on the muscle activation patterns and bite forces in the lizard Uromastyx acanthinurus. Our results show that muscle recruitment patterns during intra-oral transport and swallowing, are qualitatively similar to those observed for other lizards. Whereas during the slow opening phase the hyolingual muscles show a pronounced activity, the fast opening phase is characterised by strong activity in the jaw opener and the tongue and hyoid retractors. During fast closing the jaw closers become active and at the end of this phase, the jaw closers become silent momentarily before showing a renewed and strong activity during the slow closing/power stroke phase. Measurements of bite forces indicate bite force levels similar to those of agamid lizards of similar size, and similar to those predicted based on recent modelling efforts. These data should allow further refinement and validation of recently published models of biting in lizards of the genus Uromastyx.

圖片連結: flickr (photo credit: Gabri Mtnez)

基於5個基因所推測的日守宮親緣關係彰顯於印度洋各島群的演化輻射

文獻來源: Rocha S, Vences M, Glaw F, Harris DJ. 2009. Multigene phylogeny of Malagasy day geckos of the genus Phelsuma. Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 52(2): 530-537. [全文網址]

Introduction
Geckos of the genus Phelsuma are amongst the most conspicuous lizards of the Malagasy region. The genus contains around 43 extant species, of which ca. 29 occur in Madagascar, and 25 of these are endemic to this island. Rhoptropella ocellata, endemic to a small region of Namibia and South Africa is, together with Lygodactylus sp., the closest relative of Phelsuma, which is considered a monophyletic genus (Austin et al., 2004). With Madagascar as their main centre of diversity, Phelsuma are also present on almost all neighbouring islands and locally at the East African coast (Fig. 1). The Comoros harbour seven species (five of them endemic), theMascarenes have seven endemic extant species (two extinct species are known: P. gigas and P. edwardnewtoni), with one subspecies endemic to Agalega island (1100 km north of Mauritius), one (non-endemic) species in two islands of the Aldabra archipelago, two endemic species in the granitic islands of the Seychelles, one endemic species in the island of Pemba off the East African coast of Tanzania, and one species in the Andaman islands, off Myanmar, in the Bay of Bengal. Within Madagascar, Phelsuma species are found in a variety of habitats spanning the island, mainly in primary forest regions, either dry southern seasonal forests (e.g. P. breviceps), scrublands (e.g. P. mutabilis, P. modesta, P. hielscheri), western coastal forests (e.g. P. abbotti), low and mid-altitude humid forests (P. madagascariensis, P. guttata, P. lineata ssp., P. quadriocellata ssp.) and even in some high-altitude regions (P. barbouri, P. malamakibo). Despite extensive work on Phelsuma taxonomy, ecology, biogeography and ethology, even its alpha-taxonomy is not fully understood. Many taxa, especially subspecies, are based only on chromatic characters and not well defined. In several cases color transitions/polymorphisms can be observed and thus some species may represent artificial taxa based on local color morphs. Previous studies, based on phenetic characters (Loveridge, 1942; Mertens, 1962; Glaw et al., 1999; Van Heygen, 2004), have led to recognition of eight species groups of Malagasy species. Close relationships between some of the groups were postulated (e.g. P. guttata- and P. madagascariensis-group and the Mascarene Islands species with the P. modesta-group) but some species were not assigned to any particular phenetic group (e.g. P. vanheygeni). The main potential difficulty with Phelsuma taxonomy is thus its reliance on highly variable coloration characters, which has led to the description of a large number of species and subspecies. Taxon sampling has always been incomplete in previous molecular studies of Phelsuma (Radtkey, 1996; Austin et al., 2004; Sound et al., 2006; Rocha et al., 2007; Raxworthy et al., 2007; Harmon et al., 2008), making it difficult to evaluate intrageneric relationships. Additionally, the validity of many taxa is yet to be assessed using molecular markers. Here, we present the most comprehensive molecular phylogenetic analysis of Phelsuma to date, based on a near-complete taxon sampling of all but two species, as well as most subspecies, and on a multilocus dataset including both fast-evolving mitochondrial genes and more moderate-to-slow-evolving nuclear DNA markers.

2009-06-11新進動物

Cuora mouhotii 高背八角龜 x 3

高雄養白虎做什麼? 當搖錢樹? 讓民眾丟石塊? 還是排擠其它動物的管理經費?

議長呼籲／別讓保育公約 阻擋白虎登台【聯合報╱記者楊濡嘉／高雄報導】2009.06.10 04:14 am

高雄市議會議長莊啟旺，昨天對市府迄今未引進白老虎表達不滿。市長陳菊表示是否引進白老虎，正由觀光局聯繫中，她尊重局處的專業；觀光局則說另計畫明年引進無尾熊。

觀光局目前有處理白老虎原則：會遵守華盛頓公約對保育類動物的相關規定，要化解動物保護協會反對引進白老虎的聲音，萬一無法順利引進白老虎，可能向六福村野生動物園借展園內的白老虎。

除了白老虎，觀光局正擬向中央爭取經費，明年引進澳洲無尾熊。
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^一整個就是人家有我也要有的幼稚心態
莊啟旺說，去年他訪問中國大陸並參觀廣州香江動物園，香江動物園同意送給壽山動物園一對白老虎，可是到現在壽山未見白虎蹤影。

他認為市府要求引進白老虎需符合華盛頓公約規定，是政治意識形態，實不可取；高雄市可以比照台北市引進貓熊模式，迎接白老虎進壽山動物園，否則，市府應負起所有責任。

莊啟旺表示，去年他向廣州人大會爭取到這對白老虎時，原希望能在今年世運前入園並對外開放，可是市府一再以應符合華盛頓公約規定為由阻擾白老虎入園，世運會前見到白老虎的願望已難實現了。
^^^^^^^^^^^^^^^台灣最不需要的就是這些趕場作秀的政治人物
市府觀光局雖曾派員到香江動物園洽商引進白老虎相關事宜，莊啟旺仍不滿市府推動進度，認為陳菊都已前往中國大陸參訪，市府實不應再對白老虎引進抱持意識形態。

陳菊在市政會議後得知莊啟旺對白老虎之事有怒氣，即表示會尊重不同聲音、不同意見，議會的意見，都會請觀光局參考。

現在封園整建的壽山動物園，將分二階段開放園區，第一階段是下個月。觀光局指出，動物園展示區改善工程涵蓋36個展示區，7月間將先開放西側園區，7月到9月的例假日也將延長4小時參觀時間。

【2009/06/09 聯合報】

巴布亞新幾內亞狹口蛙科掘蛙屬之新種

文獻來源: Kraus F, Allison A. 2009. New species of Cophixalus (Anura: Microhylidae) from Papua New Guinea. Zootaxa 2128: 1-38. [摘要下載]

Abstract We describe nine new species of the microhylid frog genus Cophixalus from the Southeastern Peninsula and adjacent islands of Papua New Guinea. All but one of the new species are small – adult males attain 20 mm in only one of the new forms. None of the new species has finger discs consistently larger than toe discs, a character state sometimes claimed to be diagnostic for the genus; most have finger discs distinctly and consistently smaller than toe discs. This raises the number of recognized Papuan members of the genus to 34, and several more undescribed forms exist, making this one of the largest frog genera in the region.

越南與中國產臭蛙屬新種

文獻來源: Bain RH, Stuart BL, Nguyen TQ, Che J, Rao DQ. 2009. A New Odorrana (Amphibia: Ranidae) from Vietnam and China. Copeia 2009(2): 348-362. doi: 10.1643/CH-07-195

Abstract
Eastern and western populations of the ranid frog Odorrana chapaensis from Vietnam and China are readily differentiated by morphology and mtDNA, and weakly differentiated by morphometrics. The western population contains the type localities of O. chapaensis and its junior synonym Amolops macrorhynchus. The eastern population is described as a new species, characterized by a combination of males with snout–vent length 71–79 mm, females 87–100 mm; head length greater than head width; relative finger length I ≤ II <>

2009-06-08新進動物

Cuora mouhotti (=Pyxidea mouhotii) 高背八角龜 x 4
Geoemyda spengleri 黑胸葉龜 x 5

另參考Heosemys飼養黑胸葉龜的設備

動物來源: 有魚水族
圖片連結: flickr (photo credit: Heosemys)

緬甸北部伊洛瓦底江流域鱨科之一新種

文獻來源: Ng, H.H. & Kottelat, M. (2009): A new species of Mystus from Myanmar (Siluriformes: Bagridae). Copeia, 2009 (2): 245–250. [摘要連結]

Abstract
Mystus cineraceus, new species, is described from the Irrawaddy River drainage in northern Myanmar. It is distinguished from congeners in having a unique combination of a long-based adipose fin (40.9–45.9% SL) that contacts the base of the last dorsal-fin ray anteriorly, a color pattern consisting of a uniform brownish-gray body with a diffuse dark midlateral line and a diffusely dark tympanic region (very indistinct in some individuals), 13–15 rakers on the first gill arch, dorsal-fin spine length 10.9–13.4% SL, body depth at anus 20.7–23.4% SL, head length 24.1–27.2% SL, maxillary barbel reaching to middle of anal-fin base (247.4–345.0% HL), absence of a black spot at the base of the dorsal-fin spine and at the base of the caudal fin, and cranial fontanel reaching the base of the supraoccipital spine. The issues surrounding the identification of M. bleekeri, a species from India similar to M. cineraceus, are also discussed.

泰國西部薩爾溫江流域產鮰科之一新種

文獻來源: Ng, H.H. & Wright, J.J. (2009): A new torrent catfish from western Thailand (Siluriformes: Amblycipitidae). Copeia, 2009 (2): 369–377. [摘要連結]

Abstract
Amblyceps protentum is described herein as a new species of amblycipitid catfish from the Salween River drainage in western Thailand. It can be distinguished from Indochinese congeners except for A. kurzii by a more elongate, slender body most evident in the smaller body depth at anus (8.0–11.0% SL vs. 10.7–16.9) and caudal peduncle depth (8.0–10.3% SL vs. 10.1–15.9). It differs from A. kurzii in having a longer adipose-fin base (18.8–22.7% SL vs. 15.1–18.3) and larger eye (diameter 6.9–8.8% HL vs. 5.1–5.8). Amblyceps protentum is further diagnosed by the following combination of characters: predorsal length 24.1–28.9% SL, length of dorsal-fin base 10.5–13.2% SL, dorsal-to-adipose distance 26.3–32.2% SL; head width 12.1–15.0% SL, total vertebrae 41–42, an incomplete lateral line and deeply forked caudal fin with poorly-developed projections on proximal lepidotrichia of median rays. The taxonomic status of A. caecutiens and A. kurzii are discussed and a neotype designated for A. caecutiens. This neotype designation makes A. mucronatum a junior subjective synonym of A. caecutiens.

馬來半島產長吻蛙之一新種

文獻來源: Onn CK, Grismer LL, Ahmad N, Belabut D. 2009. A new species of Gastrophrynoides (Anura: Microhylidae): an addition to a previously monotypic genus and a new genus for Peninsular Malaysia. Zootaxa 2124: 63-68. [摘要連結]

Abstract
A new species of microhylid frog of the genus Gastrophrynoides is described from Gunung Besar Hantu, in the state of Negeri Sembilan, adding a new generic record to the family Microhylidae of Peninsular Malaysia and an additional species to the previously monotypic genus Gastrophrynoides. This new species can be distinguished from its only congener, G. borneensis by having an immaculate, grayish brown dorsum (instead of a spotted one); a longer snout (2.6–3.0 vs. 2.0–2.5 times diameter of eye); and a single, large, oval outer metacarpal tubercle beneath the hand (instead of smaller, paired, rectangular outer metacarpal tubercles in G. borneensis).

泰國夜豐頌省產洞穴裸趾虎之一新種

文獻來源: Bauer AM, Kunya K, Sumontha M, Niyomwan P, Panitvong N, Pauwels OSG, Chanhome L, Kunya T. 2009. Cyrtodactylus erythrops (Squamata: Gekkonidae), a new cave-dwelling gecko from Mae Hong Son Province, Thailand. Zootaxa 2124: 51–62. [摘要連結]

Abstract
A new cave-dwelling species of Cyrtodactylus Gray is described from Mae Hong Son Province in northern Thailand. The new species, C. erythrops sp. nov., is characterized by its moderate size (snout-vent length to at least 78 mm), relatively large, closely-spaced, flattened tubercles in 18–20 irregular rows at midbody, low number of ventral scales across midbody (28), absence of precloacal groove, presence of precloacal and femoral pores separated by a diastema, broad subcaudal plates, and dorsal pattern of dark spots and blotches. It is the fifth species of cave-dwelling Cyrtodactylus recorded from Thailand and its discovery adds to the mounting evidence that this genus exhibits unprecedented levels of localized endemism throughout tropical Southeast Asia.

扁尾翎電鰻(光背電鰻科)的分類檢討

文獻來源: de Santana, C.D. & Vari, R.P. (2009): The South American Electric Fish Genus Platyurosternarchus (Gymnotiformes: Apteronotidae). Copeia, 2009 (2): 233-244. [摘要下載]

Abstract
The electric fish genus Platyurosternarchus, family Apteronotidae, is reviewed based on both external morphology and osteology. Synapomorphies for Platyurosternarchus are identified, the genus is diagnosed, and a key to the species is provided. Platyurosternarchus crypticus, a new species, is described from the upper reaches of the Rio Branco in the northern portions of the Amazon basin. Platyurosternarchus macrostoma from the Amazonas, Orinoco, and Essequibo River basins is redescribed. The species differ in the form of the laterosensory canal segment in the soft tissues of the ventral portion of the head and within the preopercle, the posterior extent of the mid-dorsal electroreceptive filament, and the morphology of the first and fourth branchiostegal rays.

斯里蘭卡低地產小樹蛙屬之兩新種

文獻來源: Meegaskumbura M, Manamendra-Arachchi K, Pethiyagoda R. 2009. Two new species of shrub frogs (Rhacophoridae: Philautus) from the lowlands of Sri Lanka. Zootaxa 2122: 51–68. [摘要連結]

Abstract
Two new species of Sri Lankan frogs of the genus Philautus are described. Species diagnoses are based on morphology, morphometrics and mitochondrial DNA sequence data. Philautus tanu sp. nov. inhabits shrubs in open areas of the lowland wet zone, while P. singu sp. nov. is found on shrubs in the understory of lowland and mid-elevation rainforests. These descriptions bring the total number of valid Sri Lankan Philautus to 65 species, of which 46 are extant.

2009-06-06新進魚隻

Sphaerichthys vaillanti 韋蘭提飛船 x 4
Characidae sp. 酒紅金燈 (=草莓火燄燈, 金鑽紅剪刀, 金鑽剪刀, 裘漠紅尾夢幻燈) x 10
Rhamphichthys marmoratus 長鼻迷彩飛刀 x 6

今天有個令人光火的事情. 我們的魚是被寄到超峰貨運的武廟站, 本來是7點整就要去拿, 但是到了武廟站發現魚被某家白目水族館提領走了, 然後超峰貨運找到那家時, 那家水族館還說"沒空送回", 箱子寫我們的地址寫得那麼大, 連盤商都不一樣怎麼會拿錯呢? 拿錯了又不認錯真是見鬼. 這家水族館最好下次再試試看有沒有這麼白目的員工(或老闆). 還好今天的魚都很便宜, 要不然我想他們萬一因為誤拿我們的魚造成損失應該是很難賠得起了.

魚隻來源: 華洋水族
圖片連結: charm store (on yahoo)

中國寵物龜類貿易的規模與對龜類保育的衝擊

文獻來源: Gong SP, Chow AT, Fong JJ, Shi HT. 2009. The chelonian trade in the largest pet market in China: scale, scope and impact on turtle conservation. Oryx 43(2): 213-216. doi:10.1017/S0030605308000902

Abstract

China is the largest consumer of turtles in the world and international trade has been cited as the greatest threat to Asian turtles. Two main types of trade in live turtles occur in China: for food and traditional Chinese medicine, and for pets, including those for release by Buddhists. The food trade involves the largest quantities of turtles. In recent years, however, the international pet turtle trade has increased dramatically. Yuehe Pet Market in Guangzhou is the largest pet market in China. selling live chelonians and other animals. To understand the potential impacts of the pet trade on chelonians we conducted seven surveys in Yuehe Pet Market from August 2006 to March 2008. Over 39,000 individual chelonians of 61 species were recorded (19.1% of the global total of 319 species). Fifteen (24.6%) of these species are native to China and 46 (75.4%) are native to other countries. Two are designated as grade II key state-protected species in China. Thirty-eight (62.3%) are CITES listed species (four in CITES Appendix I, 26 in CITES II and eight in CITES III). Four are categorized on the IUCN Red List as Critically Endangered, 16 as Endangered and 19 as Vulnerable. Our surveys indicate that increasing demand and the illegal international pet trade could be having a severe impact on chelonian conservation, and we make recommendations for law enforcement and conservation.

圖片連結: natural-environment.com

雙斑小花鱂多樣化的婚配策略促進體色多型性的維持

文獻來源: Hurtado-Gonzales JL, Uy JAC. 2009. Alternative mating strategies may favour the persistence of a genetically based colour polymorphism in a pentamorphic fish. Animal Behaviour 77(5): 1187-1194. [摘要連結]

Abstract Males of the pentamorphic fish, Poecilia parae, show a striking colour polymorphism that ranges from drab coloration resembling females to brilliant black and red stripes. We tested the hypothesis that the observed polymorphism may persist because each morph uses a unique but equally successful mating strategy. We quantified the mating behaviour, testes investment and sperm morphometrics of each morph. We found that the smallest morph (immaculata), which resembles drab females, used a ‘sneaker’ tactic (i.e. forgoing courtship and mostly ‘stealing’ copulations) as a mating strategy. Immaculata males also had larger testes, and produced larger ejaculates and sperm with longer flagella, which should provide advantages during sperm competition. The largest morph (parae) and the coloured blue, red and yellow morphs used a combination of courtship and sneaker tactics. However, they achieved greater copulation success as a result of courtships. The testes investment of parae and yellow morphs were similar but larger than those of the blue and red males. Our results suggest that male morphs of the pentamorphic Poecilia parae use unique mating strategies that exploit different aspects of pre- and postcopulatory sexual selection, which, in turn, may help maintain their relatively stable frequencies in the wild.

圖片連結: Sakura Aquarium 另請參見Hurtado-Gonzales的個人研究網頁以及於2004年於Heredity發表此種花鱂多型性遺傳的Breden Lab網頁, 並請自行以Poecilia parae或Micropoecilia parae在google上搜尋此魚的美圖

麗體魚族的親緣關係研究顯示紅尾皇冠應移入新屬Andinoacara

文獻來源: Musilová, Z., Rícan, O. & Novák, J. (2009): Phylogeny of the Neotropical cichlid fish tribe Cichlasomatini (Teleostei: Cichlidae) based on morphological and molecular data, with the description of a new genus. Journal of Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research, DOI 10.1111/j.1439-0469.2009.00528.x

Abstract Phylogenetic relationships among cichlasomatine cichlids were studied using an extensive taxon sampling and both morphological and molecular data sets. A new genus, Andinoacara n. gen. with six species (A. pulcher-rivulatus group of previous authors) from trans-andean South America and NW cis-andean South America, is described based on results of phylogenetic and diagnosability analyses and tests of alternative topologies Our results demonstrate that cichlasomatine cichlid diversity is divided into five principal lineages composed of eleven genera and three suprageneric clades: the [(Bujurquina, Tahuantinsuyoa), (Andinoacara) (BAT) clade; the (Cleithracara, (Nannacara, Ivanacara)] clade (NIC) plus Laetacara and 'Aequidens' hoehnei; and the (Aequidens, Cichlasoma) clade, where Aequidens is paraphyletic to Cichlasoma. Two former Aequidens species are additionally transferred into Krobia (K. potaroensis, K. paloemeuensis). 'Aequidens' hoehnei probably represents a unique evolutionary lineage and would thus qualify for a separate generic status. Molecular data are yet not available for this species and its generic status requires further study. Relationships between the three suprageneric clades and between Acaronia and Krobia could not be convincingly resolved with our data set of two mitochondrial (16S and cyt b) and two nuclear (S7 and RAG1) molecular markers and 96 morphological characters.

圖片連結: viridari的flickr相簿